The Distinction Between Orthodox &
Heterodox Churches
by Dr. Franz Pieper
Thesis I
Every man's first and principal concern should be, that he belong to the Communion of Saints, that is, to the Invisible Church.
All people are by nature under God's wrath because of their sins, and are therefore children of eternal damnation. A terrible condition! But a part of mankind is delivered out of this terrible condition. Although they, too, are sinners, they are, nevertheless, no longer under the wrath of God, but they have God's grace. And, because they have God's grace, or forgiveness of sins, they are also no longer children of damnation, but heirs of eternal life. Who are these fortunate people? They are those who believe in Christ, in a word, the believers, the members of the Christian Church.
This is the Communion, the Church, outside of which there is no salvation. Why? Because without faith in Christ nobody can be saved, as it is written: "He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life: and he that believeth not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abideth on him." John 3:36. Again: "He that believeth on Him (God's Son) is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already." John 3:18.
Whoever, therefore, desires to escape the wrath of God and eternal death, which he has incurred by his sin, and become partaker of the grace of God and eternal salvation, which have been gained for him by the incarnate Son of God, he must let it be his first and principal concern, that he belong to the Communion of Saints, to that blessed class of people who from the heart believe in Christ as their Savior. This faith is kindled and maintained through the Gospel by the Holy Spirit in the hearts of those who have acknowledged themselves before God as sinners.
These believers are scattered locally over the whole earth; they are found wherever the seed of the Gospel is sown. They are very different according to education, culture, language, and customs. They do not know each other personally. And yet, they are most intimately connected with one another; they are more closely related to each other than the closest relatives; for the One Holy Spirit dwells in the hearts of them all. All have the same faith, namely, that they are saved by God's grace in Christ; all have the same mind, they are one and all subject to Christ. Daily they make the same discoveries, namely, that they are lost sinners, and that God for Christ's sake richly and daily forgives them all sins. They will afterwards also in eternity all have the same experiences, for their lot will be the fullness of joy and pleasures forevermore at the right hand of God. This is the wonderful fellowship of the Christian Church. This Church is invisible in this life. Why? Because we cannot see that which makes a person a member of the Church, namely, faith. Only God, who knows the hearts, can see that. Visible this Church will some day be in yonder life, where its members will walk no longer by faith, but by sight, where they will be glorified by seeing God, and where they will shine as the brightness of the firmament.
This is the Christian Church spoken of in Matthew 16:18, where we read: "On this rock (namely, on the confession of Christ) I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." Again, Eph. 1:22-23: "God set Him (Christ) to be the Head over all things to the church, which is His body, the fullness of Him that filleth all in all." So also in Eph. 2:19-22, the members of this Church are described as "fellow citizens with the saints, and of the household of God; and are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ Himself being the chief Corner Stone; in whom all the building fitly framed together groweth unto an holy temple in the Lord."
The only, absolute requirement for salvation is membership in the Invisible church. In this essay we will deal with the difference between the orthodox and heterodox churches, and in that connection, also of the necessity of outwardly affiliating with the orthodox Church. But this affiliation is not absolutely necessary, indeed, under certain circumstances not at all possible. Take the case of a man who just before his end comes to faith without being able to join a visible church as a member. This circumstance, then, that he did not belong to a Christian congregation, does not at all deprive him of his salvation. Furthermore, it can happen that a Christian lives in a locality where no orthodox church can be found. To join a heterodox congregation is forbidden him by God’s Word, but love hinders him from leaving the locality. A prisoner can also be in such a situation, that he must forego fellowship with an orthodox Christian body; and yet, he has, if he is in the faith, God’s grace and salvation. The outward membership in a Christian congregation is not absolutely necessary, as if thereby faith first would become true, saving faith. But under certain circumstances outward membership is necessary as a confession of faith.
John Gerhard recognizes a twofold entrance into the Church. The one is the joining of a visible Christian fellowship through the outward confession of faith; the other is the joining of the Invisible Church. The latter occurs through faith in Christ, and is accomplished in that moment when faith in Christ is kindled in the heart of a person by the operation of the Holy Ghost. The latter must occur in every person who wants to be saved, the former need not.
Yes, without saving faith in Christ all outward fellowship with the Church, even with the orthodox Church, avails nothing. Moreover, all outward fellowship without faith makes one a hypocrite. Also those who outwardly belong to the orthodox Church, who have zeal for it, who with their reason strictly distinguish between orthodox and heterodox fellowship are, if they do not truly believe, an abomination to God; they are outside of the Church of Christ and in the domain of the devil. This, too, we must constantly preach; of this we must also constantly remind one another. As also the Apostle Paul exhorts the members of the Corinthian congregation: "Examine yourselves, whether ye be in the faith." 2 Cor. 13:5. And, when in this document we insist that a Christian should stay away from all false churches and adhere alone to the orthodox Church, then this also serves the purpose: that we by no means suffer shipwreck concerning our faith, and thus fall away from the fellowship of that Church outside of which there is no salvation.
Of the One Invisible Christian Church it is said in the 7th Article of the Augsburg Confession: "Also they teach that One Holy Church is to continue forever. The Church is the congregation of all saints." (Trigl., p.47.)
Luther wrote (V.1792) on Psalm 118: "Whoever does not have the right faith and is not holy and righteous, he does not belong in the Holy Christian Church." He who has living faith belongs to the Church; he that does not, whoever or wherever he may be, does not belong to the Church.
Our Confessions warn us not to regard the Church as an earthly association with religious rites, so that all, even the godless, who take part in these rites would be members of the Church.
The Apology says: "For it is necessary to understand what it is that principally makes us members, and that, living members of the Church. If we will define the Church only as an outward polity of the good and wicked, men will not understand that the Kingdom of Christ is righteousness of heart and the gift of the Holy Ghost, (that the Kingdom of Christ is spiritual, as nevertheless it is; that therein Christ inwardly rules, strengthens, and comforts hearts, and imparts the Holy Ghost and various spiritual gifts)." (VII, VIII, Trigl., p.231.)
The Large Catechism says in the Explanation of the Third Article, especially of the words, "I believe in the Holy Christian Church, the Communion of Saints": "This is the meaning and substance of this addition: I believe that there is upon earth a little holy group and congregation of pure saints, under one head, even Christ, called together by the Holy Ghost in one faith, mind, and understanding, with manifold gifts, yet agreeing in love, without sects or schisms." (Trigl., p. 691.)
In this Communion of Saints there is only one faith and no schism. All Christians are united by one faith and one love. We not only admit that there are children of God in heterodox church bodies, but we maintain also that these children of God are one with us in the faith. They are agreed with us in the central doctrine of Christianity, namely, they believe that they are by themselves lost, but are God's children through faith in Christ Jesus. Therefore, it says here: "In one faith, mind, and understanding." If you ask: how, for example, is this possible under popery, then Luther replies, that in the Pope's church, besides Baptism, there remained also the text of the gospels. Whoever now in faith grasps and holds the Word of the forgiveness of sins for Christ's sake, he belongs to the children of God. If the priest afterwards comes with his preaching of papistical errors, the believer does not accept them.
In his commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, Luther says: "The Church is everywhere in the world, wherever the Gospel and the Sacraments are." And shortly before: "Therefore the Church is everywhere holy, also in those places where even the Enthusiasts and factious spirits rule, insofar of course as they still do not utterly deny and reject Word and Sacrament. For those who altogether deny these things are no Church anymore. But wherever Word and Sacrament essentially remain, there remains a Holy Church." (On Galatians, VIII: 1588ff.)
John Gerhard says, concerning the necessity of joining a visible communion: "If such a time comes, when the visible glory of the Church is lost, then it is not absolutely necessary for salvation to join a visible local congregation; but it suffices that by true faith a person is a member of the universal Church, for of this Church alone it is said properly that outside of it there is no salvation." (L. de ecclesia, par. 101.)
If one claims that for salvation more is necessary than faith in Christ, then the central doctrine of Scripture, the doctrine of justification by grace, is denied. For what does this mean, to become righteous, and gain salvation by grace? It means to be declared righteous, and gain salvation through no work done by man, no matter what it is called. Whoever therefore says that the outward joining of a visible church body is unconditionally necessary for salvation, he says thereby, that man becomes righteous and gains salvation not only by grace through faith, but also through this work (joining a church). Thus the Pope ties up salvation with belonging to his realm. Similarly, they err who think that for salvation more is necessary than this, that one by faith belongs to the Communion of Saints.
This first Thesis, it was yet stated, is of the greatest importance. If it is not rightly taken to heart, everything else will do no good. Yes, then one will apply everything that follows in the other theses to his harm; For this we have terrifying examples. At a colloquy in Buffalo the followers of Grabau were confronted with the charge, which was also admitted, that they always proclaimed an unconditional necessity of belonging to the orthodox Church. To clarify the matter, Dr. Walther said to a Buffalo colloquist: "If I heard correctly, you hail from the United Church (a union of Reformed and Lutherans in Germany). You claim that already therein you came to faith." The person addressed acknowledged this. Then, Dr. Walther added: "If you had died at that time, would you not certainly have been saved?" The answer was "No." Most terrible? According to that, faith in Christ would avail nothing unless a man would complete his outward joining of the orthodox Church.
Dr. Franz August Otto Pieper was a Professor at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri from 1878-1931. During the years 1887-1931 he was President of the same. From 1899-1911 Dr. Pieper was also President of The Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod.
He most widely used work today is Christian Dogmatics, a 3-volume work (4 with index) covering all areas of Christian Doctrine from the Orthodox Lutheran viewpoint.